磁铁矿活化过硫酸钠降解泥浆体系中的三氯乙烯

研究了磁铁矿活化过硫酸钠技术氧化泥浆系统中三氯乙烯(TCE)的效果.同时,考察了Fe2+、Cl-和HCO-3对TCE降解过程的影响,并采用有机碳含量不同的2种天然土壤,以及用H2O2去除低聚合"软碳"和高温灼烧去除全部有机碳后所得到的2种土壤,考察了有机质含量对TCE降解的影响,检测了反应过程中有机质的变化.结果表明,在中性pH值条件下,磁铁矿活化过硫酸钠是表面活化反应,反应产物为α-Fe2O3,TCE氧化降解过程符合准一级反应动力学方程.在初始TCE浓度20 mg·L-1、磁铁矿投量20 g·L-1时,TCE在48 h后的去除率达到97%.Fe2+对反应有促进作用,Cl-和HCO-3均会对反应起到抑制作用,其中,HCO-3的抑制作用强于Cl-.TCE降解速率受土壤有机质含量影响较大,土壤去除有机质(SOM)后TCE的降解速率明显加快.通过检测有机质变化发现,过硫酸钠对有机质的去除较小,有机质对TCE降解的抑制可能是通过消耗过硫酸钠、表面消耗自由基和对有机污染物的竞争吸附等多种途径引起的.     

煤泥水絮凝沉降性能影响因素试验研究

以上清液浊度和沉降面高度作为表征煤泥水沉降性能指标,利用正交试验设计软件--Design Expert software设计研究了粘土类型、pH值、絮凝剂用量、水质硬度和煤变质程度五个因素对煤泥水静态澄清效果的影响.结果表明:粘土类型是影响絮凝效果最显著的影响因素,在相同条件下,含高岭石的煤泥水比含蒙脱石的煤泥水上清液浊度大,而沉降面高度小.pH值越大,上清液浊度越小,但沉降面高度越高;絮凝剂用量对两个指标影响都不显著,其值越大,上清液浊度越小,沉降面高度越大;提高水质硬度有利于降低上清液浊度和沉降面高度,但影响不显著;煤变质程度对两种指标都没有影响.     

两种城市污泥掺混水煤浆的成浆性

研究了两种高含水率城市污泥与煤粉混合研制水煤浆的可行性,以及各种影响因素包括污泥掺混比例、分散剂用量、温度及剪切时间等对成浆性能的影响.结果表明,两种污泥在南京大学研制的亚甲基萘磺钠-苯乙烯磺酸钠-马来酸钠(NDF)分散剂配合下,掺混比例控制在10%以内,可以与煤粉顺利成浆.两种污泥掺混比例分别为5%、10%水煤浆的表观粘度随分散剂的增加而降低,浆体温度的提升有利于改善水煤浆的流动性,添加污泥的水煤浆在稳定性上好于未掺污泥的水煤浆.试验结果可为城市污泥掺制水煤浆的资源化利用途径提供参考依据.     

Speciation of Cu and Zn during composting of pig manure amended with rock phosphate

Pig manure usually contains a large amount of metals, especially Cu and Zn, which may limit its land application. Rock phosphate has been shown to be effective for immobilizing toxic metals in toxic metals contaminated soils. The aim of this study work was to investigate the effect of rock phosphate on the speciation of Cu and Zn during co-composting of pig manure with rice straw. The results showed that composting process and rock phosphate addition significantly affected the changes of metal species. During co-composting, the exchangeable and reducible fractions of Cu were transformed to organic and residue fractions, thus the bioavailable Cu fractions were decreased. The rock phosphate addition enhanced the metal transformation depending on the level of rock phosphate amendment. Zinc was found in the exchangeable and reducible fractions in the compost. The bioavailable Zn fraction changed a little during the composting process. The composting process converted the exchangeable Zn fraction into reducible fraction. Addition of an appropriate amount (5.0%) of rock phosphate could advance the conversion. Rock phosphate could reduce metal availability through adsorption and complexation of the metal ions on inorganic components. The increase in pH and organic matter degradation could be responsible for the reduction in exchangeable and bioavailable Cu fractions and exchangeable Zn fraction in rock phosphate amended compost.     

水相和泥浆系统中地下水成分对高锰酸钾氧化TCE的影响

三氯乙烯（TCE）是污染土壤和地下水中检出率较高的氯代有机物。以TCE为研究对象，考察了地下水无机成分和腐殖酸对高锰酸钾氧化TCE的影响，研究了不同离子强度下的MnO，颗粒行为，并测定了泥浆系统中TCE的氧化效果，结果表明：当TCE初始浓度为20mg／L、高锰酸钾与TCE的摩尔比为2：1，离子浓度〈0．1mol／L时，TCE去除率可达98％以上，Na^＋、Cl^-、HCO3-对TCE的去除率影响甚微，但离子强度对MnO2的沉淀生成影响显著；0．1mol／L的K^＋对TCE的去除有一定程度的抑制；0．1mmol／L的Fe^2＋和腐殖酸对TCE的氧化有显著负面影响。泥浆系统实验进一步验证了有机质对高锰酸钾氧化TCE的影响很大。     

The predictive power of the elimination of dioxin-like pollutants from pigs: an in vivo study

Pigs accidentally given feed contaminated by dioxin-like pollutants are a serious public health issue. We have examined whether pigs with limited exposure during early periods of fattening would be categorized as non-compliant with the EU limit at slaughtering when growth-dilution, excretion and metabolism effects are considered. Sixteen female and sixteen castrated male weaned pigs were divided into four groups (e.g. DG0, DG1, DG2 and DG3) in week 2 after birth. From weeks 3 to 13, groups DG1, DG2, and DG3 pigs were fed with a polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture at dosages of 1, 10 and 100 ng-toxic equivalent (TEQ) per kg dry mass feed in capsules, respectively. From weeks 13 to 23, the animals were nourished with clear feed. Control group DG0 was always fed with clear feed. Subcutaneous fat samples were collected at weeks 13, 18 and 23 by biopsies. The pollutant residues were analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and quantified by a ¹³C-isotope dilution method. The results showed the following: (1) when slaughtered at week 23, the TEQ for DG1 pigs (0.66 ± 0.21 pg/g fat) was under the EU limit of 1 pg PCDD/F-TEQ/g fat; (2) PCDD/F congener-specific first-order elimination rates were linearly correlated with their toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs), and the rates were significantly dose-dependent for the more toxic congeners (TEF ≥ 0.1). Therefore, the pigs' exposure above the EU limit during the early fattening stage did not necessarily lead to their categorization as non-compliant pork; and the residual TEQ for pork can be predicted from early exposure concentrations based on the models established here.     

Evaluation of Biogas Yield of Selected Ratios of Cattle,Swine, and Poultry Wastes

Production of biogas from animal wastes could lessen the problems of energy shortage and indiscriminate animal waste disposal. A study of anaerobic digestion of selected ratios of cattle, swine, and poultry wastes was carried out to evaluate their biogas yields. Cattle (C), swine (S), and poultry (P) wastes were mixed as C:S:P in the following ratios: 1:0:0 (control), 1:0:1, 4:1:3, 2:1:1, 4:3:1, and 1:1:0 by mass to obtain six samples of of 0.4 kg each, referred to as samples 1 to 6 respectively. A quantity (0.1 kg) of inoculum (obtained by pre-fermenting equal masses of poultry waste and water for 50 days under anaerobic condition) and 0.5 kg of water were added to each of the samples. The resulting slurries were digested in triplicates for 30 days in 1.3 L laboratory-scale anaerobic digesters. The volume of biogas produced was obtained by downward displacement of water in a measuring cylinder. The cumulative biogas yields of samples 1 to 6 were 332.5, 497.5, 487.5, 467.5, 457.5, and 430.0 cm³/kg slurry respectively. The cumulative biogas yields of samples 2 and 3 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of the other samples but not significantly (p > 0.05) different from each other. However, the cumulative biogas yield of sample 1 was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those of the other samples. The study revealed that a blend of equal masses of cattle and poultry wastes is optimum for biogas production.     

放射性测量中样品灰化的实验条件研究

在动植物样品监测过程中,样品前处理过程费时,且处理的效果对测量结果具有明显的影响。本文以猪肝和玉米作为研究对象,采用正交实验设计对于重要实验参数进行优化。结果显示10%的NaOH对猪肝有较好的助灰化效果,12.8%的Mg（NO3）2对玉米有较好的助灰化效果。同时,在助灰化剂存在的条件下,猪肝的优化灰化条件为：灰化温度为600℃,灰化时间为2h;玉米的灰化温度为500℃,灰化时间为4h。研究得到的猪肝和玉米的灰化时间显著缩短,处理效果亦明显改善。     

Hormetic effect(s) of tetracyclines as environmental contaminant on Zea mays

Animal wastes from intensive pig farming as fertilizers may expose crops to antimicrobials. Zea mays cultivations were carried out on a virgin field, subjected to dressing with pig slurries contaminated at 15 mg L⁻¹ of Oxy- and 5 mg L⁻¹ of Chlor-tetracycline, and at 8 mg L⁻¹ of Oxy and 3 mg L⁻¹ of Chlor, respectively. Pot cultivation was performed outdoor (Oxy in the range 62.5-1000 ng g⁻¹ dry soil) and plants harvested after 45 days. Tetracyclines analyses on soils and on field plants (roots, stalks, and leaves) did not determine the appreciable presence of tetracyclines. Residues were found in the 45-day pot corn only, in the range of 1-50 ng g⁻¹ for Oxy in roots, accounting for a 5% carry-over rate, on average. Although no detectable residues in plants from on land cultivations, both experimental batches showed the same biphasic growth form corresponding to a dose/response hormetic curve.     

Life Cycle Assessment of Ultra-clean Micronized Coal Oil Water Slurry

Life cycle assessment is applied to assess the ultraclean micronized coal oil water slurry （UCMCOWS） with SimaPro and the environmental impact of UCMCOWS on its whole life cycle is also analyzed. The result shows that the consumption of energy and products are increasing along with the deepening of UCMCOWS processing, UCMCOWS making and combustion are the two periods which have a bigger impact on eco-system and human health. As a new substitute of fuel, UCMCOWS merits to be utilized more efficiently and reasonably.